Sadaqatul Fitr (Sadaqa or Sadqa)
- the person upon whom zakat is wajib,
- the person upon whom zakat is not wajib but who has wealth equal to the nisab of zakat over and above his basic needs.
A person has a massive house, very expensive clothing which does not have any gold or silver lace on it, he has a few servants, he has lots of furniture and other items but does not have any jewellery, and all these items are in use. Sadaqatul fitr is not wajib on such a person. Alternatively, he has certain items which are over and above his basic needs, some of his clothing has gold or silver lace on it, and he also has some jewellery. However, all these items do not reach the nisab of zakat. Sadaqatul fitr is also not wajib on such a person.
A person owns two houses. He lives in one, and the other is either empty or given out on rent. This house is over and above his basic need. Therefore, if its value is equal to the nisab of zakat, sadaqatul fitr will be wajib on him. It is also not permissible to give zakat to such a person. However, if this person is dependent on this second house, it will be considered to be a basic necessity and sadaqatul fitr will not be wajib on him. It will be permissible for him to accept zakat and to give zakat to him as well. In short, sadaqatul fitr is not wajib on a person who is permitted to receive zakat and other wajib forms of sadaqah. As for the one who is not permitted to receive such charities, sadaqatul fitr will be wajib on him.
A person has some wealth that is over and above his basic needs. However, he is also in debt. In such a case, his debts should be deducted from his wealth. If the balance of his wealth equals the nisab of zakat, sadaqatul fitr will be wajib on him. But if it falls short of the nisab, sadaqatul fitr will not be wajib.
Sadaqatul fitr becomes wajib at the time of fajr on the day of eid ul-fitr. If a person passes away before the entry of fajr time, sadaqatul fitr will not be wajib on him nor will it be given from his wealth.
It is best to give the sadaqatul fitr before going to the eidgah. If it is not given before, there will be no harm in giving it after the eid salaat.
If a person gives his sadaqatul fitr before the day of eid, i.e. in Ramadaan, it will be fulfilled. It is not necessary to give it a second time.
If a person does not give his sadaqatul fitr on or before the day of eid, he will not be absolved from this duty. He will have to fulfil it at some time or the other.
Sadaqatul fitr is wajib only on oneself and not on behalf of someone else: neither on one's children, one's parents, one's husband nor anyone else. (This rule applies to women only.)
It is wajib on men to give sadaqatul fitr on behalf of their immature children. If these children are rich, it will not be wajib on the father. Instead, he should take the sadaqatul fitr from their money and fulfil it. It is not wajib on the father to give on behalf of his mature children. But if a mature child is a lunatic, the father should give on his behalf as well.
If a small child receives some wealth through inheritance or some other way, and this wealth equals the nisab, sadaqatul fitr should be given from this wealth of his. But if the child is born on the day of eid after the time of fajr sets in (dawn), sadaqatul fitr will not be wajib on him.
Sadaqatul fitr is wajib on those who fast in Ramadaan and also on those who missed out some fasts due to some reason or the other. There is no difference in ruling between the two.
If a person wishes to give wheat, wheat flour or parched, grounded wheat as sadaqatul fitr, he should give approximately one and half to two kilos. It would be preferable to give a little more than this amount. But if he wishes to give barley or barley flour, he should give double this amount, i.e. between 3 to 4 kilos.
If a person wishes to give any other dry grocery such as gram or rice, he should give an amount that equals the value of the amount of wheat or barley that has been mentioned above.
It is best to give the value of the wheat or barley in cash instead of the actual wheat or barley.
The sadaqatul fitr of one person could be given to one poor person or distributed among several poor persons.
It is also permissible to give the sadaqatul fitr of several persons to one single poor person. However, this amount should not equal the nisab of zakat because it is makruh to give an amount equal to the nisab to one person.
Those who are entitled to receive zakat are also entitled to receive sadaqatul fitr.
