Method for 2 rakat or rak'a

After making the intention for salat, say Allahu Akbar.
Arabic: الله أكبر
Transliteration: Allahu Akbar
Translation: God is the Greatest

For Men
While saying Allahu Akbar, raise both the hands upto the ear lobes.
Thereafter, men should clasp their hands below the navel with the palm of the right hand placed on the back of the left hand.
Men should grasp the left wrist with their right hand.

For Women
While saying Allahu Akbar, raise both the hands upto the shoulders.
However, one should not take out the hands out of the headgear or scarf (or burqah).
Thereafter, the hands should be clasped onto the chest with the palm of the right hand placed on the back of the left hand.

Thereafter, the following dua should be read:

Arabic: سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ وَبِحَمْدِكَ وَتَبَارَكَ اسْمُكَ وَتَعَالَى جَدُّكَ وَلاَ إِلَهَ غَيْرُكَ
Transliteration: subhanaka allahumma wa bihamdika wa tabarakasmuka wa ta'ala jadduka wa la ilaha ghayruk
Translation: Glorious You are O Allah, and with Your praise, and blessed is Your Name, and exalted is Your majesty, and none has the right to be worshipped but You.

After reading A'udhu billah and Bismillah, you should recite Surah Fatiha, and after Surah Fatiha, you should say - aameen.

Then, after reading Bismillah, you should recite some other Surah or part of it (if Surah is long).

After completing recitation, you should then say Allahu Akbar and go into ruku and read (this should be read three, five or seven times):

Arabic: سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الْعَظِيمِ
Translation: Subhana Rabbi yal Azeem
Translation: Glory to my Lord, the most exalted.

In ruku,
For Women the fingers of both hands should be together and placed on the knees.
For Men Men should grasp their knees and keep their fingers separated.

For Women The arms should be well joined to the sides and the ankles of both the feet should be together.
For Men Men should keep their arms away from their sides.

You should then read:

Arabic: سَمِعَ اللَّهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ
Transliteration: Sami Allahu Liman Hamidah
Translation: Allah hears whoever praises Him.

While saying this, you should raise your head and stands upright.

Once you stands upright, you must say Allahu Akbar and go down for sajdah.

First, the knees should touch the ground, thereafter the hands should be placed in line with your ears and the fingers should be close together.

Then place the head in-between both the hands. In sajdah, both the forehead and the nose should touch the ground. The fingers and toes should face the qiblah.

For Women
But the feet should not be upright. Instead, they should be taken out towards the right hand side. You should draw herself closely together and press herself firmly while in sajdah. The stomach should be joined to both the thighs, the arms to the sides, and both arms should be placed on to the ground.

For Men
Men should separate their feet. Men should keep their arms away from their sides. There should be gap between stomach and thighs.

In sajdah, you should read the following dua at least three times:

Arabic: سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الأَعْلَى
Transliteration: Subhana Rabbi yal A'la
Translation: Glory is to my Lord, the Most High

This should be read three, five or seven times.

You should then say Allahu Akbar and sit upright. You should say Allahu Akbar again and go down for sajdah for a second time, and read:

Arabic: سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الأَعْلَى
Transliteration: Subhana Rabbi yal A'la
Translation: Glory is to my Lord, the Most High

This should be read three, five or seven times.

You should then say Allahu Akbar and stand up. When standing up, you should not place your hands on the ground for support

After standing up, you should then recite Bismillah, Surah Fatiha and another Surah (or part of it, if Surah is long) and thereafter complete her second rakaat in the same way.

On completing the second sajdah, you should sit on your left buttock.
Women take out both her feet towards the right side.
Men should keep their right foot upright and sit on their left foot.
Your should place both your hands on your thighs and keep your fingers joined together.

You should then recite the following Tashahhud dua:
Arabic: التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلَّهِ وَالصَّلَوَاتُ وَالطَّيِّبَاتُ السَّلاَمُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ السَّلاَمُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَى عِبَادِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِينَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ

Transliteration: At-tahiyyatu lillahi was-salawatu wat-tayyibat, as-salamu ‘alaika ayyuhan-Nabiyyu wa rahmatAllahi wa baraktuhu. As-salamu ‘alaina wa ‘ala ‘ibad illahis-salihin, ashahdu an la illaha ill-Allah wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan ‘abduhu wa rasuluhu

Translation: All the compliments are for Allah and all the prayers and all the good things (are for Allah). Peace be on you, O Prophet, and Allah’s mercy and blessings (are on you). And peace be on us and on the good (pious) worshipers of Allah. I testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is His slave and Apostle.

On reaching the kalimah, you should make a circle with the thumb and middle finger of the right hand. When you say 'La ilaha', you should raise your forefinger, and on saying Illallahu you should drop it.
However, the circle should be maintained till the end of the salat.

If it is a four rakaat salat, you should not read anything further. Instead, you should immediately say Allahu Akbar and stand up and offer two additional rakaats.

In the latter two rakaats of the fard salat, nothing should be recited after Surah Fatiha. When you sit down for the fourth rakaat, you must recite the following durood after reciting at-tahiyyaat (Tashahhud):

Arabic: اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ، اللَّهُمَّ بَارِكَ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ

Transliteration: Allaahumma salli 'alaa Muhammadinw wa 'alaa 'aali Muhammad; kamaa sallayta 'alaa 'Ibraaheema wa 'alaa 'aali 'Ibraaheem, 'innaka Hameedum Majeed. Allaahumma baarik 'alaa Muhammadinw wa 'alaa 'aali Muhammad; kamaa baarakta 'alaa 'Ibraaheema wa 'alaa 'aali 'Ibraaheem, 'innaka Hameedum Majeed.

Translation: O Allah, bestow Your favor on Muhammad and on the family of Muhammad as You have bestowed Your favor on Ibrahim and on the family of Ibrahim, You are Praiseworthy, Most Glorious. O Allah, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad as You have blessed Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim, You are Praiseworthy, Most Glorious.

Thereafter, you should recite the following dua:

Arabic: اللهم إني ظلمت نفسي ظلمًا كثيرًا، ولا يغفر الذنوب إلا أنت، فاغفر لي مغفرة من عندك، وارحمني، إنك أنت الغفور الرحيم

Transliteration: Allahumma inni zalumtu nafsi zulman kathiran, Wala yaghfiru dh-dhunuba illa anta, fa ghfir li maghfiratan min `indika, wa r-hamni, innaka anta l-ghafuru r-rahim

Translation: O Allah! I have considerably wronged myself. There is none to forgive the sins but You. So grant me pardon and have mercy on me. You are the Most Forgiving, the Most Compassionate.

and, the following dua:

Arabic: رَبَّنَآ ءَاتِنَا فِي ٱلدُّنۡيَا حَسَنَةٗ وَفِي ٱلۡأٓخِرَةِ حَسَنَةٗ وَقِنَا عَذَابَ ٱلنَّارِ

Transliteration: Rabbana atina fid dunyaa hasanatanw wa fil aakhirati hasanatanw wa qinaa azaaban Naar

Translation: Our Lord, give us in this world [that which is] good and in the Hereafter [that which is] good and protect us from the punishment of the Fire.

These duas for salat are not mandatory but rather are recommended. There are many duas (far too many to cover in a single post) which can be recited during salat according to the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

Alternatively, you could read any other dua that is found in the Quran or Hadith. Thereafter, you should turn towards the right and say:
Arabic: اَلسَلامُ عَلَيْكُم وَرَحْمَةُ اَللهِ
Transliteration: As salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah
Translation: Peace be upon you, and Mercy of Allah be upon you

You should then turn towards the left and say the same thing. At the time of making salam you should make the intention of making salam to the angels.

This is the method of offering salat. If even one of the fard acts of salat are missed out, the salat will not be complete, irrespective of whether it was missed out intentionally or unintentionally.

There are certain things which are wajib. If they are left out intentionally then the salat will become worthless and it will have to be repeated. If a person does not repeat it, then although he will be absolved of his fard duty, he will still be committing a sin.

But if he leaves out a wajib unintentionally, his salat will become valid by making sajdah-e-sahw. There are certain things which are sunnah while others are mustahab.